如何丰富了可怜的热带土壤生物的意思吗?- 江南体育网页版- - - - -地球科学堆江南电子竞技平台栈交换 最近30从www.hoelymoley.com 2023 - 07 - 10 - t12:29:26z //www.hoelymoley.com/feeds/question/10176 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/rdf //www.hoelymoley.com/q/10176 13 如何丰富了可怜的热带土壤生物的意思吗? kingledion //www.hoelymoley.com/users/6703 2017 - 04 - 21 - t18:01:15z 2017 - 04 - 27 - t02:44:01z < p >我最近阅读很多关于农业在非洲,和一个大的障碍在很多地方是土壤的质量差。这主要是指缺乏可用的分子土壤中的养分,植物需要(氮、磷和钾,主要)。< / p > < p >我理解土壤有几种不同的方法浓缩;然而,这些过程在本质上是地质。所有的高人口密度自给农业地区的干态和湿态热带地区丰富的土壤直接相关的一个或多个这些机制。< / p > < p >第一个机制是由火山活动直接沉积的营养从过去几亿年左右。这是机制负责东非裂谷周围人口密度高、印度尼西亚、埃塞俄比亚、印度南部和菲律宾。下一个机制是泛滥平原沉积从上游的侵蚀材料。这是负责肥沃,高密度区域像北印度、埃及、尼日利亚、和大多数东南亚。这些地区人口密度高(农民)其他热带地区阿瑞斯非常低密度(澳大利亚北部,大多数萨赫勒地区,大多数非洲南部)。< / p > < p >温带地区,然而,有一个生物意味着创造了肥沃的土壤。 The plains of the American Midwest or Ukraine have had neither recent volcanism nor extensive floodplains, yet are covered in rich, black chernozem soils. Evidently, these soils are produced by the deposition and incomplete decay (due to hard winters) of grasses.

Is there a biological process that can create rich agricultural soils in either the wet-and-dry tropics?

EDIT - Despite the introduction, the purpose of this post is not about agriculture, or what we could do today to to rejuvenate poor soils. This is about natural processes that would take place on timescales of tens or hundreds of thousands of years, or longer.

//www.hoelymoley.com/questions/10176/-/10180 # 10180 1 弗雷德的回答如何丰富了可怜的热带土壤生物的意思吗? 弗雷德 //www.hoelymoley.com/users/2470 2017 - 04 - 22 - t04:08:25z 2017 - 04 - 22 - t04:08:25z < p >土壤浓缩通过生物方法包括生物/有机物质进入土壤。有机土壤剖面的分数叫做< a href = " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humus " rel = " nofollow noreferrer " >腐殖质< / >。< / p >

This is a natural process but it can be introduced into agriculture by plowing in crop stubble and other vegetation, whether green or dry. This process can also involve soil conditioning. Conditioning agents include: blood and bone, straw, coffee grounds, moss, peat sulfur or lime - depending on the requirements of the local soil.

//www.hoelymoley.com/questions/10176/-/10185 # 10185 0 把手抓扒者回答的如何丰富了可怜的热带土壤生物的意思吗? 旋钮刮子 //www.hoelymoley.com/users/7333 2017 - 04 - 24 - t02:25:11z 2017 - 04 - 24 - t02:31:28z < p > ....没有不足。如果有这样一个过程,它自然就已经发生。< / p >

The big limiting factors to creating nutrient rich soils (in a tropical environment) are temperature and moisture. High temperatures keep soil-forming microbiota from turning all of that organic matter into useful, organic matter-rich, "soil". Most of the biological activity that occurs in soil happens during colder periods of the year. Where heat is year-round, high temperatures propagate fairly deeply into the soil profile, severely limiting the already exothermic process of "composting": turning leafy plant matter into usable organic material; although "composting" is ridiculously oversimplified!

High rainfall then strips the soils of much of that biological activity. Most tropical soils, as a result, are merely well rinsed and strained dirt.

It's a losing game to enrich tropical soil in the hope of creating conventional agriculture.

//www.hoelymoley.com/questions/10176/-/10191 # 10191 5 答案由chiaka如何丰富了可怜的热带土壤生物的意思吗? chiaka //www.hoelymoley.com/users/7964 2017 - 04 - 25 - t09:42:07z 2017 - 04 - 25 - t09:42:07z < p >土壤在热带地区的最大的资产是有机质丰富“O-horizon”。检查任何参考土壤资料,他们会告诉你很多。是的,热带气候有利于过多的雨水和浸出的矿物营养和盐在上层土壤剖面,可以观察到在发达“E-horizon”。根据当地水文,并非所有的营养就会丢失,流离失所的更深层次的土壤中。有些树木主根适应有效利用土壤中的养分深入和作为泵修复营养有机物如叶子然后落在森林地面和存款的有机形式的营养准备remineralized detritovores O-horizon并形成丰富的表面。说,一个有效的手段陷阱这个有机物质循环中的营养是很重要的在处理高度风化矿物的土壤。维持一个异构的森林是重要的保持营养和我相信地表水径流和侵蚀能洗去营养循环机的结构。健壮的森林结构提高水渗透阻止表面水流和侵蚀。< / p > //www.hoelymoley.com/questions/10176/-/10207 # 10207 6 答案由cphlewis如何丰富了可怜的热带土壤生物的意思吗? cphlewis //www.hoelymoley.com/users/2639 2017 - 04 - 27 - t02:44:01z 2017 - 04 - 27 - t02:44:01z < p >有两个主要的问题,“磨损”的土壤,和工作人员处理。< / p >

A soil might be low in organic matter and nitrogen, perhaps because all the crops were sold away and the topsoil eroded off. This would also happen on a new sandbank, or where a landslide had revealed a lot of subsoil. Naturally what happens is that the site is colonized by "primary succession" plants that are good at surviving there. These plants photosynthesize carbon compounds, and have bacteriological associates that fix nitrogen out of the atmosphere. The plants and bacteria live and die and leave detritus that slowly turns into richer soil, and somewhat more complex "secondary succession" plants move in. Reclamation agriculture or reforestry helps this along, and agroforestry tries to forestall soil loss by growing trees instead of arable crops.

But C and N are not all that plants and bacteria are made of -- just about everything else, eg P and K and Mg and Ca, comes from the geological parent material of the soil. When as anions and cations these elements are being traded and fought over by plants and microbes, they are soluble, and over time they will weather out of the soil. Over geological time they weather out of the underlying rock, which is the problem in the oldest parts of the Earth, and then it's difficult for even primary succession plants to grow.

Hawaii is a beautiful natural laboratory for this, as the islands are made of the same lava but are of very different ages. The classic work on this is by Vitousek; here's an open access paper following up on it: Primary Succession on a Hawaiian Dryland Chronosequence.

There's a ecology-economy group trying to fix this problem in Haiti. Haiti has exported so much, for historical reasons, that their soil is terrible and they have to import a lot of food although they were recently a very NPP-productive place. SOIL works on designing and introducing composting toilets so that the elements imported as food are incorporated into agricultural soil instead of running off (causing public health and fisheries problems as they go!). It's a very nice virtuous-circle, though it takes a lot of work to keep it going.

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