According to solar system models, it took between 10 million and 100 million years for the Earth to form in the early Solar System. That result is consistent with the independently estimated age of the Earth of 4.54 billion years old. The Earth could maybe be 10 million years older, but it certainly couldn't be older than the solar system.

None are older. We've never found a meteorite from outside the solar system. I expect some scientists would have given an arm and a leg for the opportunity to sample some rocks from interstellar Oumuamua but it was not possible.

...and...

"If the earth is a late agglomeration without differentiation of meteoritic material then it can have any age less than meteoric material. Rather than arguing that such a process would be accompanied by chemical differentiation (and a change of the U/Pb ratio), it seems reasonable to believe instead that such a late agglomeration process would be less probable than one where both meteorites and the earth were formed at the same time. It is a fact that extreme chemical differentiation occurred during the process which led to the mechanical isolation of the mass of material of which the earth is made, and since changes in this mass were accompanied by chemical differentiation, the Pb/Pb isochron age properly refers to the time since the earth attained its present mass." (p.7)

The present age of the earth, then, is calculated upon an astronomical model which asserts that the formation of the solar system happened in the way we believe it did, which results in our assertion that measurements taken on meteorites apply to the earth as well.

Contrasted against meteorites, zircons are a nice earth-bound reference because unlike everything else in the earth's crust, we do not believe that they give falsely young readings due to the crust's constant re-melting and cooling (zircons are hard to re-melt).

If the earth really were older than the meteorites and zircons are telling us, then its long early history was probably inhospitable to life due to our observation that no zircons have been found that are older: it would have been crazy hot during that time.

It's worth noting that radiometric methods are the only methods that give an affirmative earth age greater than 0.05 million years: the ice core layers are only dated beyond that age according to curve fitting, not layer counting.

To summarise: We know the age of the solar system (4.5-4.6) and the oldest material we have on earth is 4.4.

To add to that, we know that the composition of the Earth is very similar to what we would expect from having formed in the solar system. If the Earth was here from before that, why would it have the same composition? Therefore, we have to conclude the the Earth formed together with the solar system.

Of course, there is some chance that Earth is older and just happens to be in the composition similar to the rest of the solar system, but we have no reason to believe this is the case.

This is similar to pink elephants. How do you prove that they do not exist?