This leads to the discussion of ore deposits. What is special about places like Chile, where in certain places you can have 1% of copper, instead of 0.01%? This is hundred times more abundant than in the average crust, and there's enough copper in there so its sale value covers for the cost of mining it, and leads to additional profit. The answer is in the exciting field of ore deposit geology, which employs many people in governments, industry, and academia.
One premise we can safely assume is that most elements are distributed unevenly. That is a far more relaxed question than you are asking, though.
For an example, look at hydrogen.
You will find a lot more hydrogen in a cubic meter of ocean water than in the same amount of Sahara sand away from the Nile river (but not zero - there still is water in even the driest parts of the Sahara, and hydrogen could also be part of some of other chemical compounds found there).
But there are lakes and waterfalls on the same continent as the Sahara desert, so the continent of Africa contains a lot more hydrogen than the Sahara desert.
You can apply similar reasoning to most elements.
So if you are truly asking about continents, the answer is likely: "pretty much every element will be found somewhere on each continent".
As you get more granular, it becomes more difficult to answer. It is theoretically conceivable that there might be one cubic meter of earth surface that is missing some elements. In the spirit of your question, I don't think we should go more granular than that. And I'm also only looking at "stuff" near or above the surface of the earth, say, within range of mining or drilling.
The next part of the question is, which elements are candidates for missing completely?
If an element (or a compound containing it) is water-soluble, odds are that after 4 billion years, it has distributed through nearly all water (with the possible exception of rain water, which has been distilled and only picked up materials suspended in the atmosphere). And since water is pretty much everywhere on earth, anything that is water soluble probably found its way, in minute quantities, in every crevice.
The best candidates for insolubility would probably be noble gases and certain metals. But even those are, to a small extent, soluble. I am not aware of any element that is absolutely insoluble in water in any form.
So the answer to your question is likely: while it is theoretically possible that there are a few spots (of more than one cubic meter) that do not contain any of a particular non-radioactive element, it is exceedingly unlikely. Materials on earth just have been too thoroughly mixed.