< p > <强>形成的海岸线< /强> < / p > < p >在最后一个冰河时代,北海是干燥的。当冰融化海平面慢慢开始再次上升,由于潮汐和洋流的屏障沙丘形成今天的海岸线大约是什么。这创建了一个地区的土地,干在退潮,淹没在高潮(这仍然可以看到在“< a href = " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadden_Sea " >瓦登海< / > '北部的荷兰,你可以步行到低潮期间的一些岛屿)。最大的河流,流经荷兰引进更多的沙子,慢慢地保持较大的部分土地干燥。< / p > < p > < >强均衡反弹< /强> < / p > < p >在冰河世纪,斯堪的那维亚的表面下推。冰融化后又开始上升,推动了西部和北部的荷兰。奇怪的是荷兰南部和东部的部分正在上升,所以荷兰似乎倾斜。我不知道多大的均衡效果,但是我们知道荷兰北部的仍然是< a href = " http://www.kennislink.nl/publicaties/nederland-zeespiegel-bodemdaling-en-watermanagement " >下降约2厘米每世纪荷兰(源)< / >。< / p > < p > < >强人类影响< /强> < / p > < p >我知道你要求non-anthropogenic原因,但我要包括这无论如何,因为它似乎人类影响有一个更大的影响比地壳均衡反弹高度。< / p > < p >在11世纪荷兰开始积极塑造土地修建堤坝,后来也通过使用风车泵水。 The Flevopolder is an example of a large part of land that has been created by the Dutch in the 1950s and 60s. When groundwater levels became lower the moors settled and started oxidizing. Researchers think that the settling and oxidation of moors today is responsible for up to 15mm decline per year (source in Dutch). Additionally in the 16th and 17th century a lot of peat was removed from the moors and used as fuel. Peat removal created new lakes, but some of those lakes were pumped dry later and were used as farmland. Also, the weight of dikes and houses on moors still cause subsidence today in areas in the West.
In the Northeastern part of the Netherlands gas extraction has also caused local elevation drops of up to 30cm (source in Dutch) in the last 40 years.
Other sources (all in Dutch):
http://www.geologievannederland.nl/landschap/landschapsvormen/strandwal (forming of shoreline) http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veenpolder_(poldertype) (Dutch moors)