The magnetic poles are moving now. When will it start to move faster and how would a compass behave?

Is Earth's Magnetic Field Flipping Soon?

I would like to get some of the most trusted books on earth and climate science.

Sorry if this question does not fit in prescribed pattern of the site.

我读过关于固定砧温(FAT)假设，想知道为什么辐射冷却随着水蒸气混合比例的降低而降低。这难道不是与事实相反吗?水蒸汽是一种温室气体，因为它吸收LW辐射。那么它如何让大气降温呢?

最诚挚的问候Jan

Does this affect people sitting on the beach? The buildings facing the water on the first street? A whole city? 50km inland? An island is completely included?

我想计算光伏的最大功率角度取决于地球上的坐标。这意味着我应该以哪个角度对准我的太阳能电池板，以获得全年最大功率?我认为要获得最大功率，我应该将太阳能电池板指向南方。但是我应该把太阳能板放在哪个角度呢?它总是向南吗?当我在澳大利亚时，我应该把太阳能电池板对准北方?还是我错了?< / p >

编辑:经过一些研究，我相信我可能在寻找&;大西洋经向翻转环流&;(大西洋经向翻转环流)。然而，到目前为止，我还不能理解它是否是一个真正的1000年周期的振荡。如果是这样，任何人都能认同吗?还是说，它在这个时间尺度上发生了变化，但不一定遵循振荡模式?

谢谢

Assuming a simple model with an atmosphere of uniform global temperature, and assuming that the layer of sea ice accommodates all of the temperature difference between the surface/air and the still unfrozen water which is I assumed to be isothermal at near freezing, with simplifying assumptions about the properties of ice as an insulator and heat flux from the mantle,

I related the heat flux from the cold surface/air layer to the heat flux from the mantle, assuming the isothermal ocean had reached a state of constant temperature

$h(T - t_0 ) = Q_g$, where

• $h$ is a thermal property of the ice ($k/d$ where $d$ is the ice thickness)
• $T$ is the constant water temperature of near 275 K
• $t_0$ is the external temperature
• And $Q_g$ is the heat flux from the mantle

From this, I calculated that in this very simple model the required temperature of the air to create a layer of sea ice of thickness d can be found with this expression:

$t_0 = T - (Q_gd)/k$

Using a thickness of 4000 m, which would be a layer of sea ice that fills most of the ocean, I guess that the surface temperature of the Earth would have to be around 120 K for the oceans to freeze solid.

I don't think that I am right- obviously much is neglected in this model and some of my assumptions may not be warranted. Clearly, the Earth would have to be much colder than any time in its history for the oceans to freeze at great depth, but my question is would it have to be even colder than I have guessed, or could the oceans freeze completely or almost completely at warmer global temperatures than 120 K?

Also, it is not clear to me if the Rossby waves are deflected by high/low pressure systems, or do they generate them? And if they generate them, how do they do that? They only move air vertically, so how can high and low pressure areas be created? Does this have anything to do with barotropic and baroclinic conditions?

热带辐合带(ITCZ)是一个围绕地球运行的低压带;极地锋是北纬60°左右向南运行的北极低压带。< / p >

Both those bands are subject to shifts and deformation due to the thermal differences and pressures and mostly are afected by the shape of the land they encounter.

The Subtropical High Zone (STHZ) instead is the correspondent high pressure area that runs around 30 degrees north and south in general between the other two types of bands.

The ITCZ is frequently bent due to pressure differences between highs;Likely so does the Polar front, but the behaviour of the STHZ... is what I'm trying to understand.

How does the STHZ deform according to the changes on the polar front and ITCZ during the seasons, if it does at all?

我认为影响季节的两个因素应该是:

1. 在一个旋转过程中昼夜的相对时间
2. 阳光与地表法线的夹角。我可以理解，在地球公转的整个过程中，赤道会经历两次温度峰值(或者可以称之为两个夏天)。这是因为赤道上的白天和黑夜的持续时间是一样的，所以它接收阳光的角度成为了控制因素。在冬至日，当赤道上的点经历正午时，它以一定的角度接受阳光，而在春分时它正处于头顶。这样就解释了气温上升的原因。然而，其他地区就不是这样了。北半球在至日期间的白天总是较长。然而，北回归线和赤道之间的地区经历了两个温度峰值。请解释一下发生了什么事。<李> / < / ol >

你知道一种方法来找到每天的雪水当量数据，只有雪和没有任何雨可能在同一天下?

背景故事:

嗨，我对这一切都很陌生。我在一个小城市工作，他们希望有更好的数据来分析我们过去的扫雪行动。为此，我们需要知道有多少雪。< / p >

We have had a million debates (familiar to you I'm sure) about all the different kinds of snow, and we've decided it's not fair to compare snow-inches - i.e. it will take longer to remove a few inches of wet heavy snow than many inches of light, dry snow.

Instead, we've decided to compare inches of equivalent water (what we call liquid equivalent inches but what I think is more properly called snow water equivalent). So my question is how to find this data.

I've found lots of data that shows both the snowfall inches and the precipitation. So, seems like you could just look for days when there is snowfall, and then take the precipitation. Here's a picture of NOAA data for an example. You'd say that on Dec. 14, there was no snow, and on Dec. 15, there was 1 inch of snow, which was formed by 1.14 inches of precipitation.

However! This data does not actually tell the whole story. Because on Dec. 15, first it rained a bunch, and then gradually that became snow. So the 1 inch of snow was formed by only some fraction of that 1.14 inches of precipitation. I'm only interested in the snow water equivalent of the snow itself.

So, what data can I used to get the snow water equivalent of just the snow?

My best thought has been to find data that gives snow, rain, and total precipitation inches in separate columns. Then I can find snow water equivalents by subtracting rain from total precip. Except, I can't find any such data - it all seems to be just snow, and total precip.

Do you know where I can find such data? Or do you have a different idea?

2011年日本大地震和海啸是现代历史上最大的地震之一;地震甚至使地轴发生了微小但可测量的移动。从那时起的四年时间不足以获得确切的气候数据，但足以让我们了解天气是如何受到影响的。那么它是否以某种可以被视为"对气候的影响"的方式影响了天气呢?如果是，怎么做?< / p >

试图理解这个问题，大学的一位讲师发给我:

“中世纪气候异常在现行气候和在区域尺度上运行的强迫机制方面是独特的。”
用案例研究来批判性地评估这一评论，以支持你的答案

这一声明是否说MCA只是由当前的气候和在区域范围内运行的机制造成的?
如果是这样，一个区域尺度强迫机制的例子是什么?< / p >

However, in the same lecture we learned that clouds do have a positive feedback, which means (in my opinion), that by increasing temperature we have an increased amount of net radiation to earth. How is this to be understood? Does it mean that higher temperature gives rise to less clouds and therefore more net radiation?

Somehow, this appears not very intuitive, because on the one hand clouds are "good for cooling", on the other hand they have positive feedback, which is "worse for cooling". Is there a way to understand this "tradeoff" on a pure qualitative level?

I know, that clouds are quite complex and not well understood, but maybe there is a convincing explanation for that "discrepancy".

[1] https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/31/2/jcli-d-17-0208.1.xml

So I'm looking for a simple climate model, which could be used to predict how increasing $\ce{CO_2}$ concentrations would lead to an increase in temperature. For instance, this model need not account for the specific geography of the earth: it might just consider the sun's radiation passing through an atmosphere and striking a flat, homogeneous surface with some constant absorptivity. Then we could just do an energy balance to find equilibrium temperature as a function of $\ce{CO_2}$ concentration.

If I could do a back-of-the-envelope calculation to see that doubling $\ce{CO_2}$ concentrations would be expected to increase the Earth's temperature by a few degrees (I expect nothing more than this order-of-magnitude evidence) then I think that would be convincing evidence that climate change is worth worrying about. You can argue with satellite data and complex models, but you can't argue with basic physics.

So far, the only source I've found that gives such a simplified model is Arrhenius himself, in his 1896 paper. I actually find his model quite convincing, and its prediction ($\sim5^oC$ increase from doubling $\ce{CO_2}$) gives a reasonable prediction too. However, his data on the absorptivity of the atmosphere was (rather quaintly) obtained by early measurements of the intensity of moonlight at different angles in the sky. While this is ingenious, I'm sure with modern technology we could get much better estimates.

So I'm basically looking for either a modernised version of Arrhenius' calculations, or alternatively another simple model which convincingly demonstrates that increasing $\ce{CO_2}$ has the power to alter the earth's temperature by as much as a few degrees.

Context Damp in houses: Salt absorbs moisture: think of plaster walls that grow mould from proximity to a wall with hygroscopic minerals - ie salt. Damp is a common problem in the UK where it is not in other countries even more north of the hemisphere and should be colder. There are other reasons from water ingress, indoor humidity and render bridging dpc but salt concentrates the most absorption.

Excess salt causea edema also in the body.

Salt sits at the bottom of oceans. It is easily dissolved in water.

I'm asking, if the salt were somehow removed entirely from the country would it recieve as much rain long term.

Additional context. Initially the world movement of water causing rainfall is dictated by magnetic waves of the moon on the sea, climate variations between regions, temperature and dew point and other elements but trapped moisture within small pockets of land evaporates or sinks and that gradual release of moisture in the air from salt or other water traps rise up and recirculates cumulatively potentially leading to more rain. Eg: Wales is wetter than Sussex.

的ERA5小时数据的单一水平相对湿度不能下载。但是，露点温度是给定的，并且在描述中指出“结合温度和压力，可以用来计算相对湿度”。经过一番研究，我只找到了考虑温度而不考虑压力的公式。你能不能帮我一下，我如何计算相对湿度，把所有变量温度，露点温度和表面压力都考虑进去?提前感谢你

我们可以使用干旱指数$\left (ai = \dfrac{p}{PET} \right)$来定义干旱地区。超干旱地区有$ai <0.05 $ < / span >。在超潮湿地区是否也有类似的阈值?< / p >

Would it be 20 (inverse of the threshold for hyperarid)?

IPCC是否公布其参考文献(即报告中使用的参考文献，报告或章节本身的而不是引用)，超出报告本身pdf中的内容?我正在寻找类似于所有引用的RIS或BibTeX文件(甚至是一个干净格式化的CSV)的东西，对于AR6和AR5的每个章节。从IPCC网站上提供的章节pdf中复制和粘贴参考文献是一种格式混乱，不利于对参考文献进行任何类型的分析

是否有任何简单的模型来近似土壤湿度水平(%)作为与水体(例如湖泊)距离的函数?如果一个人将湖的饱和水平指定为100%，那么是否有任何近似值可以用来确定距离湖中心x处的陆地的饱和水平?我知道这些计算将取决于天气和其他参数，例如土壤类型

我注意到中东的雨季一般从 11月到5月;但纬度几乎相同的佛罗里达州则正好相反，从 5月到11月。谁能解释一下原因吗?< / p > < p >谢谢。< / p >

我正在寻找来自美国许多城市的历史每小时温度数据，除了wunderground?

UPDATE:我将使用数据来比较来自同一城市的车站，需要高时间和amp的数据;空间分辨率;目前，一年的数据就足够了。我没有提到一个特定的美国城市，因为我需要来自尽可能多的美国城市的数据，以满足我的要求。我正在做一个大的预测项目，我想看看美国许多大城市的空间偏差

The formula for doing so is:

$MJO phase = \arctan\left(\frac{RMM2}{RMM1}\right)$

but that doesn’t get me to an MJO phase of 1 to 8.

I’ve trawled the web extensively but can’t find a solution.

Thanks in advance.