称它们为热点正确吗?< / p >

I hear the claim a lot that the recent cold weather extremes (such as the polar vortex affecting the US) are caused by global warming, but haven't seen many scientific papers supporting it. I'm not sure if I just haven't come across more. And, I'm not sure if the ones that exist are even considered compelling by climatologists.

For example, my geography textbook says that Atacama Desert is a desert where foggy weather is common, and it persists almost the whole year. Whereas every astronomer will say that it is the place with least clouds and fog, which is why it is one of the best places for astronomical observations beyond the dark sky.

So, which is true? And if one of them is not true, then how did it gain popularity at all?

These periods consist normally of 30 years of data. If you want to compare two normal periods with each other, let's say for example the periods 1951-1980 and 1981-2010.

Now if we take averages for all the seasons in the period 1951-1980, the last month is December in this period. If we regard December, January, and February as a complete season/winter, it means that we have an incomplete winter at the end of the period 1951-1980. Now taking December to represent a whole winter, would be inaccurate. The monthly variations of a climatic parameter can vary greatly, and multiplying the December values by 3 wouldn't yield a result based on actual observations. Also making December the whole winter of 1980, would underestimate the real winter average. This would in turn affect the overall 30-year mean, by lowering it and giving a wrong picture of the actual seasonal mean in that normal period.

Same goes for the beginning of the period 1981-2010, here we have January and February as an incomplete winter.

Now in order to get complete seasons in the intersections between the normal periods, wouldn't it be best to split the periods as follows: 1951-1980.11.30 and 1980.12.01-1990.

Also it would be best to cut out December completely at the end of the period: 1980.12.01-1990.

So that it becomes: 1980.12.01-1990.11.30.

The same goes for the last normal period: 1951-1980.11.30.

Where we would cut out January and February of 1951 so that we get: 1951.03.01-1980.11.30.

In this way we make sure we have complete seasons in both normal periods. So if we also do comparisons of monthly averages: JAN-FEB-MAR..., we would still split up the periods in the same manner, in order to use the exact same periods for exact comparison with the seasonal averages.

However when we have split up the periods as follows: 1951.03.01-1980.11.30 and 1980.12.01-1990.11.30. Is it still normal in academic papers to say that we are comparing the normal periods 1951-1980 and 1981-2010, when there is actually a small overlap in the last?

If this is not the normal procedure, what is the way to get around this? What do researchers normally do in this case?

In addition cutting of seasons/months in this manner yields an unequal number of months/seasons. The analysis might have data from a higher number of the month February compared to January. So the statistics from February are more reliable. Also a disadvantage of cutting out actual observation data, yields a loss of valuable observation data, which lowers the reliability of the statistics.

How they differ from RCPs? And how they are similar to Observed reanalysis data?

Thanks

对于撒哈拉以南非洲500mm和800mm降雨等雨量线之间的许多网格单元，我得到了每十年一次的降雨量(来自FEWS)。它们分布在整个大陆，而且有很多，所以它们会有不同的季节性，尽管它们应该都大致是单峰的(特别是考虑到我所处的纬度)。

我想定义一个算法来定义雨季的平均开始和结束时间。到目前为止，我想的是以下内容:

对于每个网格单元:

1. 定义平均最大降雨量的月份
2. 找到平均最大降雨量月份之前的月份，该月份的平均月降雨量的3个滞后之和最小，前提是该月份至少包含年降雨量的20%。将其定义为平均起点。
3. 找到在平均最大降雨月份之后的月份做同样的事情，只有平均月降雨量的3个正向滞后。把那个月定义为雨季的结束。

20%的数字似乎是任意的，尽管我不确定还能做什么。我并不是一个真正的气候科学家，不过也许我可以在电视上扮演一个。这里有公认的惯例吗? If not, any suggestions on improving my algorithm?

你能推荐一些关于气候/气候学的书吗?< / p >

显然，他认为戴维斯在提出他的(戴维斯)侵蚀正常循环时，把温带湿润条件假设为世界的“正常条件”是不正确的。

King接着建议，应该是“半干旱”的条件，而不是应该被假设为“正常条件”(代表世界气候)，因此，他的(King’s)建议“侵蚀的正常循环”。< / p >

So my questions are:

1. How did L.C. King define SemiArid climate?
2. How much area in the world is under SemiArid climate as defined by L.C. King?
3. How much area in the world is under Temperate climate?

P.S.: I suppose if a figure isn't available for Temperate/SemiArid climate, a figure for the 6 Temperate Biomes and the 3 SemiArid Biomes would also do the trick...

• 6 Temperate Biomes: Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China/Gulf Type), Warm Temperate Continental (Steppe Grasslands Type), Warm Temperate Western Margin (Mediterranean type), Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Laurentian type), Cool Temperate Continental (Taiga type), Cool Temperate Western Margin (British type).
• 3 Semi Arid Biomes: Warm Temperate Continental (Steppe Grasslands Type), Warm Temperate Western Margin (Mediterranean type), Tropical Grasslands (Savanna type)