Is it reasonable to conclude that they were formed in Quaternary given the fact that there exist glaciers there at this point in time?

我愿意听取专家的意见。

有一首歌“暴雪从未见过沙漠的沙子”。鉴于南极洲是一片沙漠，有人质疑这个称号的合法性。但是南极洲有沙子吗?< / p >

I'd imagine yes as it's a pretty basic soil and Antarctica is a big place, and I know there is land mass, not just ice, in Antarctica. I'm not sure though - any more info or evidence about the presence of sand?

我的任务是在一篇俄语论文被翻译成基本英语之前进行校对，我正在寻找一个词来描述冰川谷的区域，山谷侧面过渡到谷底?< / p >

tafoni的膨胀似乎是基于风化(似乎足够合理)。但是是什么首先创造了它们?网上有很多解释(维基百科列出了8个貌似合理的原因!)许多网站试图给出一个简化的解释，只是简单地说“盐风化”，但从一个简短的搜索中可以清楚地看出，盐风化并不总是tafoni[0]的原因。它们在各种各样的岩石类型上发育，从花岗岩到砂岩到凝灰岩和砾岩，在许多情况下，它们应该发育，但它们并没有发育。

据我所知，它们似乎有些神秘，在某些情况下有解释，但并不是所有的tafoni都得到了很好的解释。对于tafoni的形成有一个被广泛接受的解释吗?< / p >

Picture of tafoni (Martin Sharman, Wikipedia):

[0] for example: page 75, Arid and Semi-Arid Geomorphology, Andrew S. Goudie

There are however several ways a mountain can form, which allow for exposure of various rocks, still mountains are mostly grey/brown.

Why is it so? Why isn't there a single mountain out of Olivine, Pyrite, Tourmaline or, say, Autunite, or any other brightly coloured rock?

My question is (and I know this sounds ridiculous) but is it currently or theoretically possible to recreate the conditions under which ores are formed naturally, catalyze these reactions in some way (i.e. reduce the time span from potentially hundreds of millions of years), and extract a usable product? To me, the only barrier (other than the potential physical impossibilities of which I am sure I will be informed of briefly) is some engineering.

Is this done in some computational or experimental way by researchers who observe ore genesis? Or in other disciplines in geology who observe processes that occur over large intervals of time?

I know that this (speeding up natural reactions) is sort of similar to the principle that salt brines operate under to create Lithium. Another example I suppose is carbon sequestration technology, but I am not too familiar with that.

我正在浏览Google Maps around Ethiopian desert region (close to the town of Werder/Wardheer) and I found this weird looking structure. It seems like a dried up lake bed, but I can't guess what the straight lines are going out of the circular thing. Any idea?

Smf = Lmf/Ls

我有一个DEM，那么我如何使用它来找到值?< / p >

According to this diagram do I have to digitize all the mountain front?

我研究河流阶地。然而，与这个主题相关的资源是有限的。当我在地貌学书籍中搜索河流阶地时，我找不到任何东西，但我找到了河流阶地。我的英语不好，所以我不确定河流梯田和河流梯田是一样的。这两个词是同一个题目吗，请帮忙< / p >

从阅读维基百科上的珊瑚礁似乎它们是由覆盖着沙子或砾石的珊瑚礁形成的。然而，世界上有一些岛屿在涨潮时离海平面数百英尺。这些岛屿是如何形成的，或者它们是被错误分类的岛屿?< / p >

我了解大特征(如山脉)背后的过程。但我很难理解小的地方特征(比如山丘)背后的过程。< / p >

I live in Reading, Berkshire, South-East England, with a typical landscape of rolling of grassy hills and clay strata. Similar to this image below.

What geological processes would be responsible for the formation of this landscape?

Additional Information

Strata:

I dug a hole in my garden and found there is a thin layer of soil, then a large amount of clay with a variety of rocks and pebbles.

Features:

The main features are a landscape of rolling-hills and grassy plains.

Question

What geologic processes are responsible for the formation of these low-hills and clay strata?

Were the hills once mountains, now eroded?

事实是这样吗?如果不是，哪个峡谷更大?如果是的话，是什么使大峡谷比其他大峡谷大得多呢?也许是由科罗拉多河连接起来的其他几个较小的峡谷的“融合”?大峡谷周围的岩层是否在某些方面比世界上其他地方更“连续”?世界上其他地方是否曾经有过类似大小的峡谷以某种方式分裂成更小的实体?< / p >

我使用这个工具在我的学位几个集群前做制图与空中正射影像。我们用它来学习地图学和地貌学。

来源:gumtree.com

该方法包括使用从飞机上拍摄的两个连续但重叠的正射影像(在东西方向上)，因此光学效果可以让您看到浮雕。然后你可以用记号笔在透明胶片上划分单位。我们随后把制图转换成地形图。

我的问题是这个工具是否还在大学和工作的地质学家中使用

在印度，Panchchuli, Kun Nun和Shilong只有这些山被认为是块状的。为什么其他山的构造不被称为块状?地块的特点是什么?

谁来解释一下

Scala dei Turchi i(意大利语:“土耳其人的楼梯”)是一个海岸的岩石悬崖Realmonte在意大利:< / p > < p > < a href = " https://i.stack.imgur.com/KyY8B.jpg " rel =“nofollow”noreferrer > < img src = " https://i.stack.imgur.com/KyY8B.jpg " alt =“输入图像描述“> < / > < >共舞,< a href = " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_dei_Turchi /媒体/文件:Scala_dei_Turchi_panorama.jpg”rel =“nofollow”noreferrer > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_dei_Turchi /媒体/文件:Scala_dei_Turchi_panorama.jpg < / > < /一口> < / p > < p >是怎样的形状楼梯了吗?< / p >

Could it be some sort of stretching process?

Please, to satisfy my curiosity, can you tell me why is this shape like a circle?

我的课本上说抛物线沙丘是由固结的石灰岩颗粒组成的，但我想知道它们是否也有沙粒，所以我在谷歌上搜索了这个问题，发现它们是由沙子组成的，但我仍然很困惑，抛物线沙丘是既有沙子又有固结的石灰岩颗粒，还是只包含一种颗粒?它们的形成和其他类型的沙丘(比如barchan沙丘)完全一样吗?< / p >

To be more specific, the term is related to tsunami deposits (tsunamite).

我有这张照片作为背景图像，我经常想知道这样一个狭窄的，明确的狭缝是如何形成的。是自然的还是人为的?如果是自然形成的，它是怎样形成的呢?其余的海岸线崎岖不平，但这里看起来很均匀。它位于泽西岛(英国)的西北海岸

Dating fluvial terraces with $^{10}\rm{Be}$

One way to determine the age of an alluvial deposit is to collect a series of samples from a range of depths, from the surface down to a few meters, and analyze the cosmogenic nuclide concentration. The expectation is to find an exponential-like decline in concentration with depth, with an asymptotic value that reflects the inherited concentration. Suppose you sample an alluvial deposit on a mesa surface near Boulder and find the values that are shown in Table 1.

10Be C 26AL C Depth (m) 4.29E+06 2.62E+07 0.0 2.44E+06 1.64E+07 -0.5 1.88E+06 1.24E+07 -0.9 1.49E+06 9.80E+06 -1.3 1.27E+06 8.32E+06 -1.7 1.12E+06 6.89E+06 -2.5 9.99E+05 6.46E+06 -3.1 C units (atoms/gram*year) 

A Use a spreadsheet (or if you prefer, a script in Python, Matlab, etc.) to make a plot that shows the $^{10}\rm{Be}$ and $^{26}\rm{Al}$ concentrations as a function of depth. Make depth your y-axis, and have the values increase downwards.

B Make an initial guess about (1) how old the terrace is, and (2) how much of the Beryllium concentration is inherited from when the sediment was first deposited (the exact numbers you use in your guess don’t matter, since you will change them). Then use your spreadsheet to calculate the expected $^{10}\rm{Be}$ concentration that each sample should have if it had the inheritance and age that you have specified.

C Quantify the error in your guess by calculating, for each sample, the root-mean square error: (i) take the difference between the sample age and your guess, (ii) square it (to make the number positive no matter which way you’re off), (iii) take the square root, (iv) take the average.

D Now, iteratively adjust (1) your guess at the age and (2) your guess at the inheritance, until you find a pair of values that come as close as you feel you can reasonably get.

E In your paper, present and describe a graph of the sample data that also shows your best-guess curve. Discuss this “best fit” estimate of the age of the terrace. What is the root-mean square error? Can you think of a procedure that would be more systematic than trial-and-error guessing?