如果我想比较不同冰川之间的冰川波动，(考虑到相似的大小类别，这里，小)在a)新西兰b)欧洲阿尔卑斯山c)加拿大落基山脉我绝对不能错过的因素是什么，以避免比较苹果和橘子的情况?谢谢你< / p >

我正试图找到自LIA以来与冰川波动相关的文章/论文，我如何快速分析该期刊是否良好?影响因子是否足以快速判断期刊，如果是，应该以什么为下限?谢谢你。< / p >

Is it reasonable to conclude that they were formed in Quaternary given the fact that there exist glaciers there at this point in time?

Is there some principle of physics or geology that causes the erosion of the cirques to form in this regular pattern?

哈德逊湾海平面为什么下降这么多?哈德逊湾非常靠北，离冰川更近。在淡水来源相对较近的情况下，它在这个水平上退缩有意义吗?< / p >

如果一块岩石呈锥形，锥形点是否表示冰川方向?< / p >

CO₂水平在末次间冰期-冰期过渡期间下降，直至末次冰期极大期 更新世。

我可以想到CO减少的两个原因

• 海洋吸收。根据亨利定律，温度下降，海洋开始吸收更多的CO 。
• 生物圈吸收。例如，固定氮是低纬度海洋中藻类的限制性营养物质，其海洋库存量在冰河时期可能更高，从而有助于在这些间隔期间降低大气CO _{(Ren et al.，2009)。}

这两个过程在CO 下降中相对的(定量的)作用是什么?

海洋是CO₂的主要吸收源，生物圈是次要吸收源吗?或者相反，两者都发挥了类似的作用(甚至生物圈是一个更大的汇)?

除了生物圈和海洋，还有其他的汇吗?

Ren, D. M. Sigman1, A. N. Meckler, B. Plessen, R. S. Robinson, Y. Rosenthal, G. H. Haug (2009)Science 2009年1月09日:Vol. 323, Issue 5911, pp. 244-248 DOI: 10.1126/ Science .1165787

< a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/y13DG.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer">

From Iceberg - Wikipedia，最接近山形冰山的似乎是圆顶冰山:

不同形状的冰山。1:表格;2:楔;3:圆顶;4:干船坞;5:峰形;6:块状。< / p >

However, dome icebergs seem to be like two mountains attached to their bases, not a single mountain one:

Is there an iceberg that is simply gradually larger to the bottom, even when passing the water surface?

More generally, in lower latitudes, how is “younger,” meaning Holocene, any different geologically from “Older,” meaning Pleistocene?

Thanks for any hints.

我想知道他说的“浅海”指的是哪个海，为什么这可以成为认为日本和中国是联合的理由?< / p >

观察这张图中的垂直绿线:这些事件显示当辐射在顶部或甚至在此之前温度开始下降。如果在亮度和温度之间有一个简单的联系，温度应该在亮度达到最大值后开始下降。< / p >

What climatic mechanisms could start a global cooling when the radiance is maximal or heading to maximal, due to the Milankovitch cycles? Could it be a drastic increase of convection?

Constructive answers will be rewarded with bounties

除了假设的轨道强迫!冰芯显示，在10万年大冰期之间，有几个不规则的尖锐温度峰值。是什么导致了这些峰值?几乎所有过剩的能量都储存在海洋中，常识告诉我们，海洋在不急剧改变气候的情况下可以吸收多少能量，必须有一个阈值。有两种可能性:要么海洋开始降温，要么没有。< / p >

Could the energy from the oceans take over the climate system totally for a time long enough to be cooled down? Could the energy from the oceans, if big enough cause global storms independent of the insolation? Convective clouds transport warm vapor high up in troposphere where condensation release an enormous amount of energy - mostly as heat energy that spreads from there. Could a global cover of convective clouds be maintained entirely by the ocean heat content, if big enough?

In the diagram, there is a well defined peek about 50,000 years ago, for example. Sudden up and sudden down. Increased insolation (or something else) caused a sudden warming, that "immediately" turned back. Could it have been caused by a long time of storms and convection?

这似乎与温度异常和二氧化碳速率的历史峰值一致。问题是，这种机制在工业时代有效吗?如果有必要，风暴会阻止额外的二氧化碳排放吗?如果人类不能把它砍倒?< / p >

I can't change the question as that may make answers inadequate, but I will formulate your criticism under the line, eventually.

1. Simulations doesn't attests that clouds in general have a netto cooling effect.

2. Rain and snow doesn't transport a significant amount of $\mathbf{CO_2}$ from the atmosphere to the ground in a short term perspective.

3. The prediction doesn't refer to the equilibrium $\mathbf{CO_2+H_2O}\rightleftharpoons\mathbf{H_2CO_3}$ in the oceans.

4. The prediction doesn't refer to the effect of $\mathbf{CO_2}$ on formation of clouds or it's influence of the cooling effect of clouds.

5. The prediction doesn't refer to water vapor as a greenhouse gas and that clouds are condensed vapor.

6. The prediction doesn't refer to different types of clouds.

Strong extratropical cyclones are known since before the extraordinary ppm values of today, at lower warming rates than the typical warming peaks. The enormous amount of energy from (historical) global warmings did partly result in kinetic energy in storms. I think this is demonstrated in the increasing damage from tropical storms and my question is if there are reasons why extratropical cyclones in future, nearer the peek, not could change the albedo by clouds and snow/ice to a rate that turn global warming into cooling?

My question isn't about the actual rate of carbon dioxide, but about the cycles that preceded our glacial period. Neither the question concern orbital forcing as such, but the possibility that a period of very bad weather with much snow in the north at least for some time (centuries) can cause global cooling.

Below the extratropical cyclone Oratia in western Europe in October 2000:

尽管明尼苏达州北部部分地区的基岩暴露在地表(特别是在边界水域地区和苏必利尔湖沿岸)，但这里更常见的情况是基岩确实被埋得很深——根据这张地图。

这对我来说没有意义;在最近一次冰期期间，整个地区都被埋在冰盖之下，数百米的移动冰将所有东西都刮到了基岩(并刮掉了大量的基岩)，并阻止了任何新的土壤形成，直到冰盖消退。从地质学的角度来说，明尼苏达州北部只有一眨眼的时间没有冰盖——数百米厚的土壤是如何在如此短的时间内形成的?< / p >

我们当前的天气趋势是否正确地反映了a 海因里希事件?似乎剧烈的天气变化是我所期望的，但我意识到这不是决定性的。我并没有看到这个词像我所期望的那样广为流传。还缺少其他标准吗?< / p >

是否有一幅地图表明哪些地区和城市变成了海洋?< / p >

除了坐时间机器回到过去，还需要什么才能最终证实或反驳这一假设呢?< / p >

这是一个外行人的问题。我很熟悉Ruddiman的工作和他早期的一些批评，但我不确定当代科学家对这个问题的看法，也不确定最近是否有任何强有力的证据，我应该读一下。

我们可以看到末次冰期结束于12-10K年前。有趣的是，这似乎也与大型人类文明的兴起相吻合。

我的问题是:是什么导致地球的气候在1万年前稳定下来的?< /强> < / p >