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波兰人的平衡温度是一个没有季节性的世界吗?

如果地球是一个固定的冬至状态——北方冬季和南部夏季(如轴与地球的轨道倾斜旋转),每个杆的平衡温度是什么?承担日常周期和对流等操作像往常一样,在北极,午夜的永久性和永久的中午在南极。

奖金问题:平衡温度会明显不同,如果是夏季北部和南部冬季(例如将陆地和山岳志有多大影响,相对于太阳能失衡)?

回答

如果我们考虑到“假设每日周期和对流等等操作像往常一样“你意味着所有热传输从/到杆保持像今天。然后,我们可以做一个信封的计算。这个计算的答案,至少会让你有一个数量级,我们可以考虑一切影响结果。目前两极能量辐射超过接收槽直接太阳辐射。这是因为他们比其他行星更冷。因此,有一个整洁的热传输从赤道纬度到极点。热量在大气和海洋洋流传播。这个图很好地总结辐射平衡:[![在这里输入图像描述][1]][1]图从[这][2]©彗星程序如果我们考虑到热传输底部的图是一样的。唯一变化的能源预算将从太阳能照射,一旦他们开始变暖的唯一途径释放额外的热量,达到平衡槽红外辐射(黑体辐射)。 The poles receive zero energy on the equinox and the winter solstice and [12.64 kWh/m$^2$ per day on the summer solstice][3]. Therefore a rough yearly average would be 3.16 kWh/m$^2$ per day. So, if we were locked on a summer solstice state you would receive four time more energy, and none if locked in a winter solstice state. **Summer solstice locked pole** Let's consider the summer solstice case first. If we call $E_1$ the current amount of outgoing radiation from the pole, and $T_1$ the current temperature. The [Stefan–Boltzmann law][4] states that $E_1 = \sigma T_1^4$ Analogously, if $E_2$ and $T_2$ represent the summer solstice locked state, you have $E_2 = \sigma T_2^4$ Considering that $E_2 = 4 E_1$ You can write that $4 = \frac{T_2^4}{T_1^4}$ Or $T_2 = \left(\frac{1}{4}\right)^4 T_1 = 1.41\, T_1$ Therefore the temperature would increase 41%. It doesn't sounds much, but considering that the temperatures above are in Kelvin, it es a lot! In fact, **with the current [mean temperature in the north pole of -16 °C][5] (257K), it would go up to +89°C!! And the South pole would go from the [current -49°C][6] (224K) to +42°C.** This diverges from any posible reality because with 89°C at the north pole there would not be a net influx of energy from the equatorial latitudes as we are assuming. Instead, atmospheric and oceanic currents would take a lot of that heat down south and the temperature would equilibrarte at a much lower value. Note that in the above calculation I've ignored the energy flux due to advection in atmospheric/oceanic currents. I did so because that flux is about five time smaller than the flux from solar radiation, so it won't change much the results and ignoring it simplifies the math. You can do the calculation considering those flows if you want. **Winter solstice locked pole** In the case of a pole locked to a winter solstice. There would be no incoming solar radiation at all. Therefore, all incoming energy would be transported by currents from equatorial latitudes. In that way, we can see in the above figure that the north pole receives about 150 W/m$^2$, and the south pole about 100 W/m$^2$. The equilibrium temperature would be reached when they radiate the same amount. So, using [Stefan–Boltzmann law][4] again we can do some rough calculations. Let's call the south pole temperature $T_{SP}$ and $T_{NP}$ for the north pole. Then: $T_{SP} = \left(\frac{E_{SP}}{\sigma}\right)^{1/4} = \left(\frac{100 \,W/m^2}{5.67\times 10^{-8}}\right)^{1/4} = 205 K= -68°C$ And for the north pole $T_{NP} = \left(\frac{E_{NP}}{\sigma}\right)^{1/4} = \left(\frac{150 \,W/m^2}{5.67\times 10^{-8}}\right)^{1/4} = 227 K= -46°C$ But again, with such cold temperatures the actual inflow of energy would be grater and the equilibrium temperature would not be that extreme. In any case, that condition would be favourable to the growth of a massive ice sheet in the corresponding polar area, in the same way I describe in [this question and answer][7]. As a final thought. For this condition to happen in real life you would need something analogous to [Tidal locking][8] to lock the period of [Earth's precession (currently about 26,000 years)][9] to exactly one year. And don't know of any mechanism that could achieve that. [1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/AjGDk.png [2]: https://www.meted.ucar.edu/search/details.php?id=24464 [3]: http://www.applet-magic.com/insolation.htm [4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_law [5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole#Climate [6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole#Climate_and_day_and_night [7]: //www.hoelymoley.com/questions/15158/what-would-happen-to-the-earth-if-there-were-no-seasons/15159#15159 [8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_locking [9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_precession

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