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地热发电厂是否促成了帕霍亚火山的熔岩裂缝?

普纳地热风险投资公司(Puna地热风险投资公司)的钻井附近有熔岩。

夏威夷县董事总经理威尔·冈部(Wil Okabe)说，该工厂有9口深达8000英尺(约合4800米)的井。-华盛顿邮报》

8000英尺是相当深的。虽然我知道这些不是为地热能源而建的最深的井，但在夏威夷，这似乎足够深，可以到达熔岩聚集的地方。

例如，它的深度足以击中其中一个主要火山的水池。

在夏威夷下面的地幔中向上移动的岩石在大约40到60英里(60到100公里)深的地方开始融化。熔岩因为密度相对较低而上升，被称为岩浆。岩浆“池塘”在山顶下1至4英里(2至6公里)的水库中。https://www.nps.gov/havo/faqs.htm

除了油井附近地区的熔岩可用性外，地热能源似乎也与过去的地震活动有关。

对南加州索尔顿海地热田附近地区地震的分析发现，地震活动与地热发电生产之间存在很强的相关性加州大学圣克鲁斯分校

此外，该设施本身基本上就在裂缝形成的位置。

普纳地热投资地图

由于地震活动的位置在这里是有问题的，我还从美国地质调查局找到了夏威夷这一地区30天的活动地图。

最大的圆是5.4和6.9，最小的圆等于或大于2.5。

考虑到该设施的邻近，以及这些井不仅靠近地下熔岩，而且在其他地区也已知会产生地震，如果有的话，Puna地热冒险公司在夏威夷Pahoa最近的裂缝活动中会发挥什么作用?

回答

####原始答案我认为我们可以足够自信地回答“不”。来自报告“夏威夷火山爆发——过去、现在和未来”[(Tilling et al. 2010)][1]: >基拉韦厄火山爆发要么发生在它的顶峰，要么发生在从顶峰向外辐射的两个明确的带内(称为裂谷带)。在同一份报告中，你可以在地图第3页或管道系统草图第24页上看到这些裂缝带。大多数熔岩流都沿着这些裂谷带沉积。例如，看看这张[1955年火山喷发地图][2]:[!1955年基拉韦厄火山喷发的喷口和熔岩流叠加在美国地质勘探局的普纳下部地区地形图上。(资料来源:Trusdell, Frank。公共领域)。你可以看到，这些气流位于与2018年火山喷发非常相似的区域。显然，电厂于1993年启用，第一口探井是在1961-62年钻的，所以在这之后。 Actually, the rift zones are in the [lava flow hazard zone 1][4], i.e., the most severe. The zone is defined as follow by [Mullineaux et al. (1987)][5] (emphasis added): > Zone 1 consists of the summit areas and active parts of the rift zones of Kilauea and Mauna Loa; in those areas, 25 percent or more of the land surface has been covered by lava within historical time, during the 19th and 20th centuries. These areas contain the sites of most historical eruptions, and *a large majority of the lava flows that will affect other zones on Kilauea and Mauna Loa in the near future probably will originate in zone 1.* So the real question is: why was the plant (and estates...) built in an area well known for lava flow hazards?! To conclude, by researching the plant I found that it is actually where people accidentally drilled through a magma pocket for the first time ([Teplow et al. 2009][6])! They hit a pocket of dacite; it did not trigger an eruption. This happened later [in Iceland][7]: this time, they even used it as an experimental well (there is [a whole issue of Geothermics][8] on this). Again, no eruption. ___ #### October 2021 Update I just came upon a USGS report called "Have Humans Influenced Volcanic Activity on the Lower East Rift Zone of Kīlauea Volcano? A Publication Review" ([Kauahikaua and Trusdell 2020][9]), which asks (and answers) exactly the same question: > Questions about the relation between human activity or developments and active Hawaiian volcanoes usually are raised during eruptions. These concerns often regard the location of an industrial development, like a geothermal power generation facility, on a volcano (for example, Big Island Video News, 2019; Firozi, 2018). Since the 2018 eruption, the topic of whether commercial developments not only caused the eruption to occur in Kīlaueaʻs lower East Rift Zone (LERZ), but also caused it to erupt with a higher-than-normal rate has been a subject of public discussion. They examined the past activity of the volcano (location, volume, frequency... of past eruptions), and compared it to the 2018 eruption, concluding (emphasis added): > *There are no obvious effects of human activity on eruptions of Kīlauea volcano*. There have been no significant changes due to human activity in patterns or trends of deformation or seismicity in the lower East Rift Zone in the last 35–50 years (before and during geothermal operations). The frequency and intensity of eruptions are variable, but it would be difficult to demonstrate a definitive change due to human activity. [...] *We find no evidence to support claims that human activity triggered or influenced the 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption*. The 2018 eruption was caused by injection of magma downrift from Puʻu ʻŌʻō and the summit of Kīlauea. The event fits a pattern of activity that has occurred many times previously on the East Rift Zone and is within the range of normal behavior for Kīlauea Volcano. So again the answer is "no", but the USGS is a source a bit more authoritative than me! :) [1]: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/117/ [2]: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/geo_hist_1955.html [3]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/5ePiC.jpg [4]: https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1992/2193/ [5]: https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1987/1350/pdf/chapters/pp1350_ch22.pdf [6]: http://pubs.geothermal-library.org/lib/grc/1028595.pdf [7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_Deep_Drilling_Project#First_Well,_IDDP-1 [8]: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/geothermics/vol/49 [9]: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201017

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\ begingroup美元谢谢你花时间写这篇文章，引用是非常有信誉的。裂谷带的问题、历史活动、类似的情况以及美国地质勘探局的分类都是强有力的指标，表明该工厂没有造成泄漏。 \ endgroup美元
- - - - - -特拉维斯J
2020年1月8日21:52
1

\ begingroup美元天啊，路易斯，这是一个伟大的帖子! \ endgroup美元
- - - - - -f.thorpe ♦
2021年10月9日2:43

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