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科拉钻孔温度升高的官方原因是什么?

科拉钻“只”走到了地幔的三分之一处，所以它的最深处离地表比离地幔更近。为什么钻工在如此深的地方体验到180°C的温度，这些热量从何而来?从逻辑上讲，我认为越深入地壳，温度会越低(我猜直到到达地幔的一半，温度才会再次上升)，而不是越热。

回答

目前最流行的答案完全没有提到你的假设是不可能的，因为它违反了热力学定律，所以我将提供我自己的答案。对于提问者，你的假设是地下温度最低，地表和地球深处温度更高。然而，这种“热量三明治”不可能存在，因为它违反了能量传递(热力学)的一些相当基本的原理。你可能知道，当较热的物质与较冷的物质接触时，热量会从较热的物质传导到较冷的物质。这符合热力学第二定律。所以，“热三明治”的冷部分会立即开始变暖，因为它吸收了上面和下面的热量。它不会与其他层“处于热平衡”，最终会消失。那么，你是认为三明治中有一个暂时的冷却层，还是认为它自地球形成以来一直存在?我向你保证，根据热传导物理学，在地球存在的45亿年里，地球上任何凉爽的层都应该在很久以前就变暖了。所以，你的假设只有在这层是最近放进去的时候才对。 Is there a way that you propose to create a cool subterranean layer where none had existed? The ONLY way that cool layer could be created (or persist from the beginning of the Earth) is if it was somehow able to convert thermal energy into another form of energy. Thus, heat coming in from the outer layers of the sandwich (from above and below) would have to be continually converted into another form of energy (such as a change of chemistry or phase of matter). This process would technically not violate the law of conservation of energy, and it would still be a "sink" of heat energy. It would allow your cool layer to persist. HOWEVER... There is basically no such massive heat sink down where you thought this cool layer exists. So, unless you knew there was a subterranean cooling system in place, your own assumption of a cool layer was just that - an assumption without a robust physical basis. Did you have some reason to assume there was a subterranean cool layer in the Earth? Maybe you're thinking of how on a warm spring summer day, an excavator can dig into the Earth and expose some cool soil. If so, those temperature variations change daily and seasonally, but they don't show up in subterranean rock 100 feet below the soil. It is a fact that every exposed part of the planet fluctuates in temperature. So, on a microscale, when the surface warms, then technically there is a cooler layer below. However, that layer is temporary and will not be that deep. The surface can change temperature quickly due to effects of light radiation (heating), loss of heat due to infrared radiation (after sundown), evaporation or condensation of dew or frost, or conduction into any air or water that is contacting the surface. (FWIW, convection is not such a surface heat transfer mechanism, as it can only transport heat within a mobile phase of matter, not at the fixed soil interface.) There is one more mechanism affecting soil and even some rock temperatures, and that is the transport of heat energy (positive OR negative) due to the flow of liquid within the soil or rock. For example, cold rain water draining into a subterranean river can cool th rock it passed through. Still, in general, the Earth's surface typically changes temperature very slowly over time once you get roughly 10-50 feet down, depending on where you are and how much water is percolating through. The temperature profile below that depth remains steady, heating up as you go deeper. By the way, the reason the Earth is so warm in the interior, after having 4-1/2 billion years to cool off since it's formation, is that uranium in the Earth is decaying. This atomic decay releases heat. The atomic energy release is basically the same mechanism as in a nuclear fission reactor, but the reactions are going MUCH more slowly. Since the core of the Earth probably has extremely little uranium, that means the Earth's core is not generating heat through fission. However, core of the earth keeps as warm as it nowhere to LOSE its heat. (Technically, there are a couple of relatively very minor heat sources and sinks in the core, but I won't raise address them here.) Here is a graph of how soil and rock temperatures might change at a site: ![graph of how soil and rock temperatures might change at a site.](https://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Cooling/amplitude-vs-depth.gif) (source: https://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Cooling/EarthTemperatures.htm)

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