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的长期影响是什么大规模的物质对土壤的结构完整性subterraneal缓存吗?

例如,灰岩坑可以人工诱导:

新灰岩坑相关土地利用实践,特别是从地下水抽水,从建设和发展实践。灰岩坑可以形成自然排水模式的改变和新的调水系统开发。一些灰岩坑形成地表发生变化时,例如当创建工业和runoff-storage池塘。新材料的大量的重量可以触发一个地下崩溃的支持材料,从而导致了深坑。

我们一直在地上,开采石油的水力压裂技术,提取天然气、矿业等很长一段时间,在某些情况下,我们完全耗尽储备。的长期影响是什么人为去除的材料从地下基础土壤的能力来支持我们不断扩大的人口和相关的基础设施?

回答

你问题的答案将取决于材料的类型和深度。我将这个答案地下水集中讨论撤军。当然,可以从其他采掘工业的影响。地下水开采会导致大规模的沉降,与[加州中央谷是一个最好的例子描述][1]。根据网站,“超过80%的确定沉降在美国是人类对地下水的影响的结果。”![Approximate location of maximum subsidence in the U.S., identified by research efforts of Dr. Joseph F. Poland (pictured). ][2] Overall, the extreme subsidence shown may cause damage to foundations, etc. but is spread over a large area and is pretty even, unlike your classic sink-hole. It is the differential settling that causes the most damage. There are several types of sink holes (also called dolines), they may be related to failure of indurated rock above cavities or by failure of soft soils/sediments. The most common natural sinks occur through the dissolution of limestone in 'karst' terrain and they can be kilometers across. This can lead to the creation of water or air filled caves. In some cases a cavity forms in sediments above the limestone and can subsequently collapse. Cavities can also be formed in sediments where they are removed through pipe erosion but that tends to be a shallow phenomenon (but can still be damaging). The description, above, talks about natural processes but these can be enhanced by groundwater pumping. The water supports some of the overburden and removing it weakens the structure and can lead to collapse. Flow systems can change, enhancing subsurface soil erosion as water tables decline. And of course, building over a cavity may exceed the load bearing capacity. So the long term impacts will depend on both the geologic setting and the severity of water level decline. Will this have a major effect on global infrastructure and economies? I suspect not but the damage we have seen in certain areas is likely to continue and perhaps spread. A somewhat old but good reference on the subject sinkholes and caves that discusses the land-use issues is Geomorphology and Hydrology of Karst Terrains. White, William B. (1988). Oxford University Press. [1]: http://ca.water.usgs.gov/projects/central-valley/land-subsidence-monitoring-network.html [2]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/5bWDC.jpg

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