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为什么最初的板块构造理论如此有争议?

我的任务是研究板块构造，具体来说:“为什么它的发现在当时如此重要，也如此有争议?”我不需要一个很长的答案，尽管更多的细节总是被欣赏。

回答

为什么板块构造的最初理论如此有争议?板块构造论毫无争议。从J.T.威尔逊在1963年提出它的最初建议到1967年或1968年几乎被普遍接受，仅仅过了四五年。引起争议的是韦格纳的大陆漂移理论。他的理论不是板块构造学说。板块构造学说几乎回答了韦格纳的理论没有也不能回答的所有问题。韦格纳的理论部分基于美洲东海岸的形状与欧洲和非洲西海岸的形状的对比。魏格纳并不是第一个注意到这种相似性的人。魏格纳补充说的是化石证据;似乎有比海岸线的随机相似性更深层次的东西。 What Wegener didn't add was a mechanism. What he did add was *exactly* what geologists had been fighting for about a hundred years, which was religion. Nineteenth century geology was a battle between those who believed in the Bible (literally) and those who looked at the geological evidence. Early nineteenth century geologists explained the diversity of the Earth's geology via catastrophism, with Noah's flood playing a predominant role. Later geologists looked at the evidence and saw no signs of catastrophes. They instead adopted a theory of uniformitarianism. One big problem was the 1920s Scopes trial in the US. Scientists in the US were hard pressed at the time. One counter reaction amongst the American scientific community to the Scope trial was a rejection of anything and everything that remotely hinted of religious catastrophism. This included Wegener's continental drift. <br> Plate tectonics is not Wegener's continental drift. Unlike Wegener's continental drift, plate tectonics has a mechanism. Plate tectonics is founded on a lot more than a mere similarity of continental outlines. A mountain of evidence had accumulated in the time that intervened between Wegoner's unfounded claims and J. Tuzo Wilson's 1963 article that proposed plate tectonics. The evidence that turned plate tectonics into the accepted science in five short years included - The recognition of a single, globe-spanning mid-ocean ridge. Scientists had discovered bits and pieces of this ridge long before, but recognizing that it was continuous and globe-spanning didn't happen until after World War II. (Wars are good for developing technology). - The recognition of very deep oceanic trenches. These are the flip side of the mid-ocean ridges, and these (along with the mid-ocean ridge) were a key to understanding seafloor spreading. Technologies developed during World War II were once again the key. - The recognition of magnetic field reversals. Yet again, technologies developed during World War II were key. This showed the oceanic crust originated from the mid-ocean ridges, and died in the deep trenches. - The recognition of the Ring of Fire. Here it was post-WWII technologies that came into play. While seismographs existed during Wegener's time, they were rather crude devices compared to those needed to determine whether ones enemies (or for that matter, whether ones supposed allies) were conducting illicit atomic tests.

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\ begingroup美元板块构造理论和大陆漂移理论在历史上或概念上是否不相关? \ endgroup美元
- - - - - -马丁·伯杰
2015年2月22日19:20
4

\ begingroup美元 @MartinBerger -这是个好问题。板块构造学说肯定部分地受到了魏格纳大陆漂移学说的推动，正如牛顿力学学说部分地受到了开普勒理论的推动一样。牛顿和威尔逊都摒弃了前人猜测的大量不科学性。开普勒和魏格纳也许有点幸运，他们猜对了运动学。他们对潜在的动态都有非常错误的想法。更聪明的人才能做出科学的猜测。 \ endgroup美元
- - - - - -大卫Hammen
2015年2月22日19:39
\ begingroup美元 @DavidHammen这是对Wegener(和Kepler)成就的相当傲慢的否定。 \ endgroup美元
- - - - - -马丁·伯杰
2015年2月22日21:33
\ begingroup美元关于相对快速接受的观点很好(尽管我在20世纪70年代有一个地理教授仍然是一个怀疑论者，而不是一个否定者)。韦格纳和其他人的早期工作为发展大陆运动的概念提供了重要的科学进展。威尔逊的主要成就是将“如何”添加到先前关于“正在发生什么”的想法中。 \ endgroup美元
- - - - - -haresfur
2015年2月22日22:06
1

\ begingroup美元 @DavidHammen我不明白维基百科上的这句话有什么关系。除了维基百科不是一个学术来源外，那个时代的所有科学家都从事着我们现代人认为有问题的研究。以牛顿为例，他花了大量的时间作为炼金术士，试图制造黄金——而且他不是唯一一个炼金术士。顺便说一句，就像韦格纳一样，牛顿也没有提出重力机制。我认为韦格纳的伟大之处在于，在现有证据如此薄弱的情况下，他为大陆漂移/板块构造理论辩护，与图佐·威尔逊的“证据如山”形成鲜明对比。 \ endgroup美元
- - - - - -马丁·伯杰
2015年2月24日12:17

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