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云对气候的影响如何随高度?

普遍认为,云影响气候将太阳光反射回太空,因此减少地球变暖。然而,平流层冰云据说净温室效应,由于云(我认为)的绝缘性能和低反射率的冰云。

各种云影响气候如何?具体地说,什么是相对能量平衡的影响大气中云走了吗?仅仅是平流层冰云净温室效应?真正的绝缘属性云反射率和他们如何比较?

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发挥作用有一些事情当你谈论云辐射强迫,或他们对气候的影响的预算。“云”是一个相当发生显著的定义。科学家们仍在试图完全理解和量化这些影响。云不改变大气中只有在他们还在他们的阶段(冰和混合阶段和水)和他们的深度——这两个的组合影响云的光学深度。所有这些不同的属性影响净效应(是否积极、消极或中性)云对气候系统。高云通常冰晶,是的,因为他们在地区的大气比冰冷的冷的水平。他们也一般几何薄。这些高云对短波能量影响甚微,而主要是减少长波辐射离开地球。云的中间部分大气通常高积云降水充满液体和混合阶段。这将是非常聪明的短波辐射,从而反映出大部分的入射辐射。 They also provide some trapping of longwave emission from the surface and radiate less longwave radiation for a given level in the atmosphere than would normally be the case. The anvil regions of these clouds, on the other hand, are full of ice crystals which again don't reflect much shortwave radiation but do reduce the amount of longwave radiation leaving the planet. Compared with the high atmosphere, completely ice phase clouds near the surface are thicker and their shortwave reflection is therefore a bit stronger than their thinner counterparts in the middle and upper atmosphere; they also trap longwave radiation from the surface. Mixed and liquid phase clouds' effects have similar effects as ice phase but are stronger in both the short- and longwave spectra. Another thing special about clouds near the surface is because of that proximity they can actually have a strong influence on the surface which can cause a climate feedback. If you have a deck of clouds overlying a bright surface, it can actually warm the surface a bit since it is reflecting less shortwave than the highly reflective underlying surface would otherwise. For example, it has been hypothesized that the Greenland Ice Sheet melting is enhanced when cloud cover is present. A good resource on this topic is available [here][3]. There have been many hypotheses over the years as to how these clouds and their effects will change in a changing climate. You can search for things like the "Iris hypothesis"--and subsequent refutation--as a good example of this still-evolving science. Climate models are still struggling to cope with correctly representing all of the feedbacks associated with clouds, which causes such high uncertainty in cloud effects in the IPCC reports. One last thing to keep in mind is that these forcings are relative to a column with no cloud in the current climate. But what if our distributions or regimes of clouds greatly shift? If the planet warms so much that ice clouds can never exist, the relative forcing of ice clouds in that climate would then be null. So akeep in mind the point of reference you are using when thinking about the forcing of clouds. [3]: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Clouds/

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