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牧师

为什么在相同的纬度，欧洲比北美温暖?

传统上认为它是墨西哥湾流。但其他研究人员，比如理查德·西格尔和Tapio施耐德，提出了不同的理由。

墨西哥湾暖流到底扮演了多大的角色?谁是对的?(或者他们至少有一部分是正确的?)

回答

墨西哥湾流确实对每个地区的不同气候起着作用;我不会像理查德·西格尔和其他科学家所说的那样把它称为“都市传说”，然而，它到底在多大程度上改变了气候，目前似乎还在争论之中。源自[Wallace Broeker]今天海洋系统的主要组成部分之一是像传送带一样的环流，它向北大西洋输送大量的热带热量。在冬季，这些热量被释放到上覆的东方气团，从而大大改善了北欧冬季的温度。温盐环流——通常被称为“海洋传送带”——将温暖的地表水(*粉红色*)从热带带到北大西洋，并在深海(*紫色*)返回。但与许多说法相反(如下图所示)，这种热量传送带在冬季保持欧洲国家温暖方面只起了很小的作用。虽然，正如你所说的，墨西哥湾流传统上被认为在气候差异中起着主要作用，但新的研究表明，它对气温差异的贡献很小。研究表明，冷却效应可能是造成海洋温差的30%到50%的原因。这也解释了为什么北美和亚洲的寒区面积一样大，尽管两大洲在地形和面积上存在差异。冷却依赖于加热的空气在温暖的海水上。 Since the warm currents along western ocean boundaries in both the Pacific and Atlantic are similar, the resulting cold region to their west would be similar as well. The **new study** adds to other recent research that found that ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream aren't capable of transporting that much heat to northern Europe, instead contributing only up to *10 percent of their warming*. There are also studies suggesting that the conveyor belt model itself was [extremely oversimplified][4], and its role in ocean overturning cycles is being re-evaluated: > As the study of the modern ocean’s role in climate continues apace, the conveyor belt model no longer serves the community well — not because it is a gross oversimplification but because it ignores crucial structure and mechanics of the ocean’s intricate global overturning. Based on the evidence at hand, I believe that the Gulf Stream *does* play a role in making Europe warmer than North America at similar latitudes; however how large a role it plays perhaps has been overestimated, and with the new ongoing studies perhaps different climate elements, such as the [atmospheric elements][5]rather than the oceanic currents, can be modeled and brought to light in the scientific community, much as Richard Seager is doing now. > The oceans do still play an important role in keeping Europe’s winters mild, but it is nothing to do with the Gulf Stream. The winds that blow northeast onto Europe from the Atlantic carry with them air that is relatively warm even in the winter; the large heat capacity of water means that the sea cools off more slowly in the winter, and this also moderates the temperature of the air above the sea surface. This contrasts with the eastern US, where the prevailing southeast winds are cold, having lost their heat to the thousands of kilometres of land surface they’ve already passed over. > > So the oceans are still involved, but it is the atmosphere that is the true key to explaining Europe’s mild winters; and in a pleasing geological twist, it is apparently the presence of the Rocky Mountains that causes the large scale waviness of atmospheric circulation that magnifies the temperature contrasts on either side of The Pond (Richard Seager explains this in more detail in this more comprehensive piece at the American Scientist). [1]: http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/issue.aspx?id=999&y=0&no=&content=true&page=5&css=print [2]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/92rhj.jpg [3]: http://www.livescience.com/13573-east-coast-colder-europe-west-coast.html [4]: http://www.livescience.com/8317-kinks-ocean-conveyor-belt.html [5]: http://all-geo.org/highlyallochthonous/2012/06/what-do-you-mean-the-gulf-stream-doesnt-keep-europe-warm-how-even-scientists-are-afflicted-by-urban-myths/

编辑总结

取消

\ begingroup美元从你的引语中我发现谁说了什么不太清楚。例如，您的Wallace Broeker链接实际上链接到Richard Saeger的一篇文章(他确实引用了Broeker，只是评论他的断言具有误导性)，并且紧接在第一个图表后面的引用不是来自那篇文章…… \ endgroup美元
- - - - - -gerrit ♦
2014年5月19日21:08
\ begingroup美元是的，我用Wallace Broeker的评论作为一个例子来说明对墨西哥湾流的不同看法。第一张图表，以及紧接在第一张图表后面的引言实际上来自那篇文章，如果你向下滚动并点击“放大图像”，就会看到引言解释了这个图表本身。 \ endgroup美元
- - - - - -双层
2014年5月20日1:12

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