煤、石油和天然气可以找到地球上任何地方:陆地和海洋。日本从海底之下,一旦开采煤炭使用[端岛岛][1]作为行动的基础。岛上只有6.3公顷大小。(英国也从海底开采煤炭][2],在[英格兰东北部][3]。至于石油,以下图片(USGS)[4]显示当前oil-prone世界上石油盆地,以外的美国。[![世界油田][5]][5]以下石油盆地都是陆地上:1。俄罗斯2。阿拉伯、科威特、伊拉克和北非3。中国4。 Eastern Europe 5. The [Canadian oil sands][6] and other plays in the province of Alberta, Canada 6. Colombia 7. The oil fields of [east Texas][7], USA 8. The [former oil fields in Pennsylvania][8] When oil & coal deposits formed they each had different mechanisms of [formation][9]. Coal is derived of plant material that once lived on land, died, formed peat, which then got buried. Oil however, owes its origins to algae & plankton that lived in the oceans. When they died they sank to the bottom of the ocean and deposited in waters with very low, if any oxygen. Eventually, these deposits were covered by sediments. If the deposit was subject to a significant amount of geothermal heating gas deposits formed, otherwise oil deposits formed. Movements of the Earth's crust then repositioned some of the deposits which is why some coal is now under the sea and some oil is now on land. [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashima_Island [2]: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41372889?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents [3]: http://www.maden.org.tr/resimler/ekler/2b15c75c0c389b4_ek.pdf [4]: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-062-03/ [5]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/G2sia.png [6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_sands [7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Texas_Oil_Field [8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_oil_rush [9]: http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-oil/formation_of_oil.htm